What Are the Types of Low Voltage Wires? A Simple Guide for Home and Business Owners
If you’ve ever installed security cameras, lighting systems, or home automation devices, you’ve likely come across the term low voltage wiring. But what exactly does it mean, and what types of low voltage wires are commonly used today?
Understanding the different types of low voltage cables helps you choose the right one for your project — ensuring safety, efficiency, and reliable performance. Our experienced low voltage wiring contractors in San Jose specialize in designing and installing safe, efficient cabling systems for both residential and commercial spaces.
What Is Low Voltage Wiring?
Low voltage wiring refers to electrical systems that operate on 50 volts (V) or less, compared to standard household wiring that runs at 120V or 240V. These systems carry less electrical current and are typically used for communications, control, and data applications rather than powering heavy equipment or appliances.
Common low voltage applications include:
- Security camera systems (CCTV)
- Alarm and access control systems
- Smart home devices and automation
- Landscape and LED lighting
- Internet and data networks (Ethernet)
- Doorbells and intercoms
- Audio and video systems
Why Use Low Voltage Wiring?
Low voltage wiring is safer, more energy-efficient, and easier to install than traditional high-voltage wiring. Because the power output is lower, it reduces the risk of electrical shock and doesn’t require the same heavy insulation or conduit protection.
It’s also more flexible — perfect for modern systems that require data transmission, control signals, or low-power energy distribution.
The Most Common Types of Low Voltage Wires
Let’s go over the most frequently used types of low voltage wires and where you’ll typically find them in use.
1. CAT5e and CAT6 Ethernet Cables
Used for: Internet, networking, and IP camera systems
CAT5e and CAT6 cables are the standard for structured cabling in offices, homes, and businesses. They transmit data signals between computers, routers, and devices. CAT6 offers higher performance and supports speeds up to 10 Gbps, making it ideal for high-speed networks and security camera systems.
2. Coaxial Cable (RG6 and RG59)
Used for: Video transmission, CCTV, and cable television
Coaxial cables are designed to transmit video and radio frequency (RF) signals. RG6 is the most common for CCTV and home entertainment systems because it offers better signal quality over longer distances.
3. Speaker Wire
Used for: Audio and sound systems
Speaker wires are typically made of two insulated copper conductors that connect amplifiers to speakers. They come in various gauges (usually 12 to 18 AWG), depending on the distance and power level of the system.
4. Thermostat Wire (18/2 or 18/5)
Used for: HVAC and climate control systems
Thermostat wire is a multi-conductor cable that connects your thermostat to your HVAC unit. The numbers (like 18/5) indicate the wire gauge and number of conductors.
5. Landscape Lighting Cable
Used for: Outdoor and garden lighting
This type of wire is designed for outdoor use and resists moisture, sunlight, and temperature changes. It typically comes in 12, 14, or 16 AWG sizes and powers LED or low-voltage lighting transformers.
6. Security Alarm Wire (22/2 or 22/4)
Used for: Alarm systems, sensors, and access control
Alarm wire is a small-gauge, stranded copper wire used to connect control panels with motion detectors, door contacts, or keypads. The flexible insulation makes it easy to run through walls and tight spaces.
7. Fiber Optic Cable
Used for: High-speed data transmission and communication networks
Fiber optic cables transmit information as light signals rather than electricity, allowing for ultra-fast and interference-free connections. They’re becoming increasingly common in both commercial and residential networks.
Choosing the Right Low Voltage Wire for Your Project
Selecting the right low voltage cable depends on your system requirements, distance, and environment. Here are a few tips:
- Check voltage and amperage requirements – Always match the wire to your device’s power rating.
- Consider distance – Longer runs may require thicker (lower gauge) wire to prevent voltage drop.
- Choose proper insulation – Use plenum-rated cables for indoor ceilings and weatherproof cables for outdoor use.
- Follow code compliance – In California, ensure installations follow low-voltage wiring codes and fire safety regulations.
When to Call a Professional Installer
While some low voltage projects can be done DIY-style, hiring a licensed low voltage contractor ensures safe, compliant, and long-lasting results. Professionals have the right tools and testing equipment to verify connections, label cables, and ensure optimal signal strength across your system.
They can also design a structured cabling layout that integrates all your systems — from security and data to lighting and automation — under one reliable network. Although these cables operate at a lower voltage, improper installation can still pose risks. Learn more about the dangers of low voltage systems and how to prevent electrical issues.
Build a Smarter, Safer Low Voltage System
Low voltage wiring is the foundation of today’s connected spaces. From smart homes to commercial networks, choosing the right cables and professional installation makes all the difference.
If you’re upgrading your property or installing new systems, work with a trusted low voltage installer in California who understands code compliance and best practices. The right setup ensures your network stays efficient, safe, and ready for future expansion.